The Food Lab's Chocolate Chip Cookies Recipe

Classic chocolate chip cookies level up with brown butter and chopped chocolate.

Why It Works

  • Browning the butter gives the cookies a more intensely nutty, butterscotch flavor.
  • Chopping the chocolate by hand creates large and small pieces for more textural and flavor contrast.
  • An overnight rest allows enzymes to break down large carbohydrates, enhancing the caramelization and browning process the next day to help the cookies develop deeper flavor.
  • Tearing apart and recombining the dough makes a rougher surface for craggier cookies.

"Stop making cookies."

An array of chocolate chip cookies on a grey background sprinkled with flaky salt.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

I'm sorry, what was that dear?

"I said, stop making cookies."

That's odd, I thought to myself. Why would she be saying that? Wouldn't anyone be pleased to be married to someone who fills the house with the aroma of warm butter, caramelized sugar, and gooey chocolate? Indeed, wouldn't any human being in the right mind yearn to be constantly surrounded by sweet, crisp-and-chewy snacks?

Then, as I glanced around the apartment, wiping chocolate-specked hands against my apron, running a finger across the countertop and tracing a line into the dusting of white powder that coated every surface in the kitchen, eyeing the dozens of bags of failed experimental cookies that blocked the television, opening the refrigerator door to discover that more than half of its contents were batches of uncooked cookie dough in various stages of rest, I thought, maybe she does have a point.

For the past few months, I've had chocolate chip cookies on the brain. I wake up in the middle of the night with a fresh idea, a new test to run, only to discover that my 10-pound flour bin has been emptied for the third time. Did I really use it all up that fast? I'd put on my coat and walk out in the cold New York winter night, my sandals leaving tracks in the snow as I wander the neighborhood, searching for a convenience store that will sell me flour at three in the morning.

"But I'm talking about chocolate chip cookies that are barely crisp around the edges with a buttery, toffee-like crunch"

You see, I've never been able to get a chocolate chip cookie exactly the way I like. Stella has developed amazing recipes for quick and easy chocolate chip cookiesthick and chunky Levain-style chocolate chip cookies, and thin and crispy Tate's-style chocolate chip cookies. But I'm talking about chocolate chip cookies that are barely crisp around the edges with a buttery, toffee-like crunch that transitions into a chewy, moist center that bends like caramel, rich with butter and big pockets of melted chocolate. Cookies with crackly, craggy tops and the complex aroma of butterscotch. And of course, that elusive perfect balance between sweet and salty.

Some have come close, but none have quite hit the mark. And the bigger problem? I was never sure what to change in order to get what I wanted. Cookies are fickle and the advice out there is conflicting. Does more sugar make for crisper cookies? What about brown versus white? Does it matter how I incorporate the chocolate chips or whether the flour is blended in or folded? How about the butter: cold, warm, or melted?

I made it my goal to test each and every element, from ingredients to cooking process, leaving no chocolate chip unturned in my quest for the best. 32 pounds of flour, over 100 individual tests, and 1,536 cookies later, I had my answers.

What Happens When Chocolate Chip Cookies Bake

Most traditional chocolate chip cookie recipes start with the same basic ingredients and technique: butter and a mix of granulated and brown sugar are creamed together with a touch of vanilla until fluffy, eggs are beaten in one at a time, followed by flour, salt, and some sort of chemical leavening agent (baking soda, baking powder, or a bit of both). The mixture is combined just until it comes together, then spooned onto a baking sheet and baked.

When you bake a cookie, here's what's going on, step-by-step:

  • The dough spreads: As the butter warms, it slackens. The cookie dough begins to turn more liquid and gradually spreads out.
  • The edges set: As the cookie spreads, the edges thin out. This, coupled with the fact that they are fully exposed to the heat of the oven and are constantly reaching hotter areas of the baking sheet, causes them to begin to set long before the center of the cookie does.
  • The cookie rises: As the butter melts and the cookie's structure loosens, this frees up water, which in turn dissolves baking soda. This baking soda is then able to react with the acidic components of brown sugar, creating gases that cause the cookies to rise up and develop a more open interior structure.
  • Egg proteins and starches set: Once they get hot enough, egg proteins and hydrated starches will begin to set in structure, finalizing the shape and size of the finished cookie.
  • Sugar caramelizes: At its hottest areas—the edges and the underbelly in direct contact with the baking sheet—sugar granules melt together, turning liquidy before starting to caramelize and brown, producing rich, sweet flavors.
  • The Maillard reaction occurs: Proteins in the flour and the eggs brown, along with the sugar, in a process called the Maillard reaction—the same reaction responsible for giving your hamburger or bread a brown crust. It produces nutty, savory, toasted flavors.
  • The cookie cools: Once it comes out of the oven, the process isn't over yet. Remember that liquefied sugar? Well as the cookie cools, that liquid sugar hardens up, which can give the cookie an extra-crisp, toffee-like texture around the edges. Meanwhile, the air in the center cools, which causes the cookie to deflate slightly; though when fully baked, the structure lent by eggs and flour will help it retain some of its rise.

It's a simple technique that hides more complicated processes underneath. So how do you decipher what's going on? My first course of action was to test out these basic ingredients one at a time in order to determine how they affect the final outcome.

Butter Affects a Cookie's Flavor and Texture

A stack of three sticks of butter in their wrappers.
Shutterstock

Butter is where most recipes begin, and it provides several things to the mix.

Cookie Fact #1: More Butter = Wider Spread and More Tenderness

First, butter keeps cookies tender. When flour is mixed with water (such as the water found in eggs), it develops gluten, a tough, stretchy network of interconnected proteins that set up as they bake. Gluten can't form in fat, thus butter will inhibit its overall formation, leading to more tender results. The higher the proportion of butter to other ingredients, the more tender your cookie will be (and consequently, the more it will spread as it bakes). I found that a ratio of 1 part flour to 1 part sugar to 0.8 parts butter was about right for a cookie that has moderate spread and doesn't end up cakey.

Because of shortening's different melting qualities (and the fact that it has no water content), shortening-based cookies come out softer but more dense than those made with butter.

Cookie Fact #2: Creamed Butter = Lighter and Firmer, Melted Butter = Denser and Chewier

Side by side image showing two chocolate chip cookies, one made with melted butter and one made using softened butter and the creaming method.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

How butter is incorporated can also affect texture. In the early creaming stages of making a cookie, cool butter is beaten until it's light and fluffy. During the process, some air is incorporated and some of the sugar dissolves in the butter's water phase. This air in turn helps leaven the cookies as they bake, giving them some lift. Melting butter before combining it with sugar and eggs leads to squatter, denser cookies.

Cookie Fact #3: Butter Gives the Most Flavor

Butter is essential for flavor. Substituting butter with a less flavorful fat like shortening or margarine yielded sub-par cookies. Butter is about 80 to 83% butterfat, 15% water, and 3 to 5% milk protein. These proteins brown as the cookie bakes, adding nuttiness and butterscotch notes to the final flavor of cookies.

Cookie Fact #4: Browned Butter = Less Moisture and Less Dissolved Sugar = Less Caramel Flavor

I asked myself: if browning milk proteins provide extra flavor to cookies, how could I boost that flavor even more?

My friend Charles Kelsey, the man behind the fantastic Brookline, MA sandwich shop Cutty's, developed a simple chocolate chip cookie recipe for Cook's Illustrated magazine back in 2009. In his recipe, he made the ingenious discovery that browning the butter before adding it to the mixture would give the cookies a much more pronounced nuttiness.

But this created some other problems. Since the butter can't get hot enough to brown milk proteins until all of its water content has evaporated, brown butter adds no moisture to dough. This produces a couple of interesting results. Without water, sugar that is mixed into browned butter cannot dissolve (sugar molecules are highly hydrophilic and will dissolve readily in water, but not in fat), which makes it subsequently more difficult for them to melt into each other as the cookie bakes. The cookies ended up missing out on some of that caramelized toffee flavor I was after.

With less water, you also end up with less gluten development, thus a cookie made with browned butter is softer and more tender than one made with creamed or plain melted butter. Soft and chewy is good, but I wanted a slightly better balance.

So how do I get the flavor benefits of browned butter while still allowing for sugar to dissolve and caramelize properly? The answer turned out to be in the eggs.

Eggs Affect the Shape and Texture of Cookies

One cracked whole egg in a white bowl.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Before we jump to the solution, let's take a quick look at what eggs have to offer in a cookie.

Egg whites provide a good amount of water, as well as protein. Egg proteins are particularly good at trapping and retaining bubbles of air or water vapor. The higher the proportion of egg white in a cookie, the more it rises during baking. Because of the extra water, you also get more gluten formation, which again leads to a taller cookie (provided you use enough flour to absorb that extra water). Other than the small amount in the butter, eggs are the main source of water in a cookie dough recipe.

Egg yolks also provide some moisture and protein, but more importantly they provide a well-emulsified source of fat. When cooked, egg yolk forms a tender protein coagulum that can keep cookies tender and fudge-like. A high proportion of egg yolk leads to a more brownie-like texture in a finished cookie.

Cookie Fact #5: Extra Egg Whites = Taller Cookies. Extra Egg Yolks = Fudgier Cookies

Photo showing interior of two chocolate chip cookies; the top cookie is made with extra egg whites and has more open crumb and the bottom cookie is made with all yolks and has denser texture.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

By keeping the total mass of egg added to a dough the same but altering the proportion of white to yolk, you can achieve a variety of textures. Two whites and a yolk, for instance, produces the more open structure of the top cookie in the photo above, while three yolks and no whites produces the denser, fudgier texture of the cookie on the bottom.

Turns out that the combination I like best is actually a 1 to 1 ratio of egg whites to egg yolks, which conveniently is exactly how eggs naturally come. Ain't that something?

Cookie Fact #6: Too Much Dissolved Sugar = Uniform Texture and Less Cracking

Going back to my initial problem of wanting the flavor of browned butter but disliking the way it prevented sugar from properly dissolving, I asked myself, what if I were to flip the script for these cookies: instead of creaming sugar and butter and adding eggs, why not beat together the eggs and sugar then add the butter?

I tried it, beating brown sugar, granulated sugar, and vanilla with whole eggs in a stand mixer until the mixture became pale, aerated, and ribbony, with a nearly completely smooth texture.* To this, I added my browned butter, which instantly cooked the eggs and curdled them, turning the mixture into an oddly sweet and vanilla-y scrambled egg custard. Lesson learned: let that browned butter cool before adding it.

*A sugar and water solution becomes fully saturated at room temperatures at a ratio of about 2 parts sugar by mass to 1 part water (that is, you can't dissolve any extra sugar because it will stay granular). My working recipe contained about 4 ounces of egg and 10 ounces of sugar, so perfect smoothness was an impossible goal.

My next attempt with cooled brown butter fared better, but the finished cookies ended up with an oddly uniform texture and a relatively smooth top rather than the cragginess I'd been getting earlier.

Chocolate chip cookies on a grey background with one cookie with a bite taken out.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Turns out that you actually want a balance between dissolved sugar and undissolved sugar to keep things texturally interesting.

Cookie Fact #7: The Warmer the Butter, the Denser the Cookie

I settled on beating half of the sugar with the eggs until it completely dissolved, then incorporating the rest when I added the brown butter. The degree to which the butter is cooled before adding it to the mix can also affect how well it holds air when being mixed with the eggs. Warm butter flows very easily and doesn't trap bubbles well. The cooler it is, the more viscous it becomes, and the better it can trap air. Even a few degrees can make a difference. By letting my browned butter cool down until it was almost at room temperature, it became firm enough to beat into the egg and sugar mixture without deflating it.

In order to get my browned butter to chill a little faster and to add back some of the moisture that's lost in the browning process, I discovered that whisking an ice cube into it after cooking killed both birds with one stone.

A Mix of Sugars Provides Balance

There's more to sugar than just sweetness! The type of sugar you use and its method of incorporation can have a profound effect on the finished cookies. 

Cookie Fact #8: Granulated Sugar = Thin and Crisp, Brown Sugar = Tall and Moist

Granulated sugar is crystallized sucrose, a disaccharide consisting of a fructose molecule and a glucose molecule linked together. It is mildly hygroscopic (that is, it likes to retain moisture), and relatively neutral in pH.

Brown sugar is mostly crystallized sucrose, but also contains a good amount of glucose and fructose, along with trace minerals that give it its flavor and a slightly acidic pH. Glucose and fructose are far more hygroscopic than sucrose.

Check out what happens if you bake cookies that are made 100% with granulated sugar or brown sugar:

Side by side photograph showing chocolate chip cookie (left) made with all granulated sugar compared to chocolate chip cookie (right) made with all brown sugar.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

You can clearly see the difference in spread. This happens because the baking soda in my cookie recipe is a powdered base, and needs some form of acid to react with in order to create the bubbles that leaven the cookie. Slightly acidic brown sugar causes cookies to rise higher when baking, which limits their spread. You end up with a cakier end result. Granulated sugar, on the other hand, adds no leavening power, so you end up with a cookie that spreads wide. Because granulated sugar-based cookies more readily give up moisture, they also end up more crisp.

A mixture of the two provides a good balance, and as I noticed in my egg tests, dissolving too much sugar can lead to a texture that's too uniform. With sugar left in distinct grains, the pockets of melted sugar that caramelize within the cookie as it bakes remain irregular, giving the cookie more textural interest.

Array of chocolate chip cookies on a grey background.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

But brown sugar has another advantage over granulated: it caramelizes more readily, leading to more intense flavor. I wondered: could I bump up the intensity of the toffee flavor while still maintaining a good granulated and brown sugar balance by pre-caramelizing some of my granulated sugar?

I tried it, heating granulated sugar up in a pot until it was a golden amber before adding cold butter to rapidly chill it and then incorporating it into my dough.

Cooking sugar into caramel syrup in a saucepan.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

No dice. First off, it's a mess trying to scrape hot caramel out of a pan and prevent it from hardening into a single massive clump. Secondly, it made my cookies far too soft and chewy (I recalled that in the process of caramelizing sucrose, it breaks down into glucose and fructose, acquiring their hygroscopic properties).

A much simpler way was to blend only the granulated sugar with the eggs so that it was pre-liquefied, giving it a little jump start on caramelization, then adding in the brown sugar later on with the melted butter.

Cookie Fact #9: Corn Syrup = Soft, Wide, Dark, and Flexible Cookies

Incidentally, if you want the absolute chewiest, most uniformly textured cookies, try replacing some of the granulated sugar with corn syrup, a sugar that is even more hygroscopic. You end up with wide, flat cookies that stay soft and flexible even when completely cooled. Not only that, but since corn syrup is made up of simple sugars, it caramelizes more readily, leading to darker overall color.

Side by side photograph showing chocolate chip cookies made with granulated and brown sugar (left) and corn syrup (right).

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Corn syrup is so darn powerful, in fact, that even a small amount of it will completely alter the texture of your cookie. In the cookies above, the batch on the left was made with 5 ounces each of granulated and brown sugar. The batch on the right was made with 5 ounces of brown sugar, 4 ounces of granulated sugar, and 1 ounce of corn syrup — a substitution of only 10%.

Next up: baking soda and baking powder.

Choice of Leavening Changes Cookie Texture and Color

Leavening—the introduction of air to the internal structure of baked goods—can come in many forms. In bread, it's the carbon dioxide produced by yeast. In a cream puff, it comes from expanding water vapor. In the case of cookies, we get it from egg proteins capturing expanding gases, creamed butter, and most importantly, chemicals, namely baking powder and baking soda. What's the difference between the two?

Cookie Fact #10: Baking Soda = Craggy and Coarse, Baking Powder = Cakey and Smooth

Photo collage with pile of baking powder (left) compared to pile of baking soda (right).

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Baking soda is pure sodium bicarbonate—an alkaline powder (a.k.a. a base). When dissolved in liquid and combined with an acid, it rapidly reacts, breaking down into sodium, water, and carbon dioxide.

Baking powder, on the other hand, is baking soda with powdered acids built right in. In its dry state, it's totally inert. But once you add a liquid, the powdered acid and base dissolve and react with each other, creating bubbles of carbon dioxide without the need for an external acid source. Most baking powders these days are double acting, which means that they contain two different powdered acids. One reacts immediately upon mixing with water, and another only reacts after it's heated, giving cakes and cookies a little boost early on in the baking phase.

Making cookies with varying degrees of both soda and powder, I found that baking powder generally produces cakier cookies that rise higher during baking, producing smoother, shinier tops, while baking soda yields cookies that are craggier and denser in texture

Cakey cookies are not for me, and the brown sugar I was using in my cookies provided plenty of acid for the baking soda to react with. I landed on 3/4 teaspoon as the right amount. Moreover, because the Maillard reaction takes place more readily in mildly alkaline environments, baking soda has a powerful effect on how rapidly foods darken and develop browned flavors. Browning is a good thing when it comes to cookies.

Flour Is All About Cookie Structure

Cookie Fact #11: More Bread Flour = Chewier Cookies, More Cake Flour = Softer Cookies

The main difference in flour varieties comes down to protein content. Cake flour contains a relatively low amount, which leads to less gluten formation. Cookies made with all cake flour will be very soft, almost mushy, even when you've cooked them to what would normally be a beyond-crisp stage. Cookies made with all bread flour, on the other hand, come out ultra-chewy. Alton Brown has a recipe called The Chewy that utilizes this effect.

The infamous Jacques Torres recipe from The New York Times calls for a mixture of low-protein cake flour and high-protein bread flour in an attempt to balance the two. I found that by working carefully with the ratio of other ingredients, you can get away with using regular old all-purpose flour with no problem.

Close-up photograph showing the interior of a halved chocolate chip cookie.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Cookie Fact #12: Less Flour = Lacier Cookies, More Flour = Doughier Cookies

Since flour provides the bulk of the structure in a cookie, the amount you use can alter the texture of the cookie. A small amount of flour compared to butter (a ratio of 1 to 1 or less) will give you cookies that spread out into a wafer-like lace cookie. Extra flour (a ratio of 1.3 to 1 or higher) will give you cookies that barely spread at all as they bake, with centers that stay dense and dough-like, even after being almost fully cooked.

This may be a good thing for some folks, but I like my cookies to have a nice balance between the two. I settled on a ratio of 10 ounces flour to 8 ounces of butter.

Cookie Fact #13: Less Kneading = Craggier Cookies and Better Texture

Turns out that how you incorporate that flour also makes a difference. (Are you sensing a theme here? When it comes to cookies, apparently EVERYTHING MATTERS.)

Bowl of cookie dough made by over-mixing in the flour for tough, smooth-textured cookie.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

The dough above was made by really working the flour into the butter and egg mixture before subsequently folding in the chocolate chips. As you can see, it comes out very smooth and it bakes into correspondingly smooth cookies. Because extra kneading creates a stronger gluten network, the cookies also end up rather tough.

Bowl of cookie dough made by barely mixing in the flour for tender cookies.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Much better is to barely work the flour in, folding it or mixing it with a stand mixer until it just pulls together into a dough. I incorporate the chocolate half way through this process, so that I don't accidentally overmix the dough while trying to fold the chocolate in.

The resultant scoops of dough should have a natural cragginess to them even before baking.

Balls of chocolate chip cookie dough evenly spaced on a baking sheet before going into the oven.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

If you like extra craggy cookies, Baking Illustrated offers a neat tip for increasing that cragginess: tear the balls of dough apart with your fingertips and smoosh 'em back together with the jagged torn part facing outwards.

Provided you've used enough flour and your other ratios are spot on, those crags should appear in the cookies' final baked form.

Array of chocolate chip cookies with craggy tops on a grey background.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Chocolate Isn't Just About Flavor

When I first started testing, I figured that the only real question when it came to chocolate would be what brand and what cacao percentage. Turns out that how the chocolate is incorporated can also affect texture.

Cookie Fact #14: Hand-Chopped Chocolate = Most Intense Flavor and Interesting Texture

A pile of chopped chocolate on a cutting board next to a few chocolate chips.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

  • Chocolate chips produce the most regular cookies, with small, melty pockets of chocolate. Don't pick up any old bag, though—try some of our favorite supermarket chocolate chips.
  • Chocolate discs and chunks will cause some degree of layering in the dough, creating a flakier cookie with larger sections of molten chocolate.
  • Chopped chocolate produces the most contrast—the small bits of debris and chocolate shavings get dispersed throughout the cookie dough, disrupting its texture and giving a nice chocolatey flavor to the whole affair, while larger chunks still melt into large gooey pockets. The only way to get this effect is to hand-chop whole chocolate bars with a knife. We've written extensively about our favorite milk, dark, and extra-dark chocolate bars for baking.

Hand chopping also gives you control over the exact size of your chocolate chunks. I quickly discovered that I like quite a bit of chocolate (a full 8 ounces), and I like it in large, 1/2- to 1/4-inch chunks.

Bowl of cookie dough with chopped chocolate ready to mix in for chocolate chip cookies.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Cookie Fact #15: Warm Dough Alters Chocolate Dispersal

I spent an awful lot of time experimenting with how the temperature of the dough during chocolate incorporation can affect the final outcome of the cookie. Properly tempered chocolate (if you're a chocolate nerd, I'm talking chocolate with type V crystals) will melt at a relatively high temperature—around 95°F (35°C) or so.

Side by side image of chocolate chip cookie dough showing the effect of mixing chocolate into dough heated to 95F (left) versus room temperature (right).

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

By incorporating chocolate into dough that's been allowed to rest in a warm spot until it gets above 95°F (near my preheating oven worked), or by gently stirring already-made cookie dough that's been warmed to above 95°F, you end up dispersing some melted chocolate throughout the works.

A baked chocolate chip cookie showing chocolate swirl that was the result of warmed cookie dough.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

The result is a sort of swirl effect that can be quite delicious if you do it carefully, though you miss out on the classic large melty pockets.

Single chocolate chip cookie on a white plate that has been made with dough heated to 80F.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

I quite like cookies made with dough that has been warmed to 80°F (27°C) and gently swirled. This melts the very tiniest bits of chocolate, but leaves the larger chunks intact.

In the interest of not being labeled a total neurotic, I decided to leave this particular step out of the final recipe, but if you're anything like me, you'll wait until everyone leaves the kitchen before pulling out the thermometer you keep in your back pocket to test the temperature of your dough before folding it.

Perfecting Chocolate Chip Cookie Flavor

Ok, we've been at this for a while. Time for a quick recap. So far we've covered butter, sugar, eggs, leavening, flour, and chocolate. As far as covering the major chemical and physical players in the cookies' final outcome, we're done.

Here's what we're working with so far: White sugar is beaten into whole eggs until it dissolves. Butter is browned and chilled with an ice cube to add back lost moisture and hasten its cooling, before being beaten into the egg mixture, along with brown sugar. Flour and baking soda are folded in very gently, along with chocolate.

Cookie Fact #16: Cookies Need More Salt Than You Think

Salt (and quite a bit of it) is essential to balance the flavor of caramelized sugars. Even with regular salt mixed into the dough, I like adding a little sprinkle of coarse sea salt to the tops of the cookies, gently pressing it in right as they come out of the oven for little crunchy bursts of salt that pop with each bite.

Cookie Fact #17: Inexpensive Vanilla is Indistinguishable From Fancy

A good amount of vanilla is a must (though, as our taste test has shown, even imitation vanilla flavoring will do just fine). If you want to splurge on the fancy stuff, here are some of our top picks.

With flavor and ratios out of the way, it's time to talk thermodynamics.

Close-up photograph of chocolate chip cookies showing craggy top and flakes of salt.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Pay Attention to Temperature

We've already seen how the temperature of the dough can affect how chocolate is incorporated, but it can also affect how it bakes. Both the starting temperature of the dough and the oven temperature have an impact.

Cookie Fact #18: Cooler Oven = Wide Cookies. Hotter Oven = Compact Cookies

I baked cookies at various temperatures in 25°F increments ranging from 250°F (121°C) up to 450°F (232°C). When baked at a lower temperature, the dough has more of a chance to spread out, leading to flatter, wider cookies. Conversely, cookies baked at higher temperatures spread less. Even a difference of as little as 50°F (28°C) makes a big difference.

Extra-close-up photograph of chocolate chip cookies showing craggy top and salt flakes.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

Moreover, the lower the oven temperature, the more evenly the cookie bakes, with less of a contrast between the edges and the center. In fact, when the oven temperature gets low enough (around 275°F (135°C) and below), you completely lose any contrast, producing a cookie that's more or less homogenous across the board.

Cookie Fact #19: Warmer Dough = Wide Cookies, Cooler Dough = Compact Cookies

Beyond oven temperature, starting temperature of dough also affects the outcome.

Side-by-side photograph showing three cookies baked at various starting dough temperatures.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

As you can see, cookies baked straight from the fridge will stay a little more compact, while those that are allowed to warm will spread more. By adjusting the starting temperature of the cookie dough and the temperature of the oven, you can create a wide variety of textures and contrasts.

I like the flexibility that being able to cook cookie dough straight from the fridge lends you, so my recipe is designed to make cookies from dough that starts at 40°F (4°C). I found that baking in a 325°F (160°C) oven until the edges are nice and toasty brown will leave you with a cookie that's still plenty soft and chewy in the center.

Giving the Cookie Dough a Rest

You still here? I haven't bored you with cookie talk yet? Good, because we're coming round third base and into the home stretch here. But not so fast. We gotta take our time with this one. Literally.

Cookie Fact #20: An Overnight Rest Yields Superior Flavor

Back when the New York Times published that Jacques Torres recipe in 2008, I'd never heard of the concept of resting a cookie dough, yet Mr. Chocolate himself insisted that it was the secret to better flavor. Since then, I've talked to several pastry chefs and cookie experts who all agree: letting your cookie dough sit overnight in the refrigerator produces better tasting cookies.

It seems a bit finicky (and honestly, who wants to wait for cookies?), but after trying it dozens of times, the results are absolutely undeniable.

Side-by-side photograph showing one chocolate chip cookie made after dough rested for 4 hours (left) and one cookie made after dough rested for 2 days (right).

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

If there's one single thing you can do improve the flavor of your cookies, it's to let the dough rest. They bake up darker and more flavorful. That butterscotch note that was barely hinted at when you baked the dough right after mixing? It'll blow you away with its intensity and complexity by the second day.

So how does it work? Harold McGee explains it in Keys to Good Cooking. Turns out that during the resting process, both flour proteins and starches break down a bit. How does this help improve flavor?

It helps to think of proteins and starches as large LEGO structures. During the process of browning, those large structure are broken down into smaller parts and individual pieces and subsequently rearranged. Sort of like destroying that LEGO castle so you can build a dozen spaceships. Now, both of these phases—the breaking down and the reconstruction—take time.

By resting the dough, you give the deconstruction phase a head start. It's as if you left your LEGO castle sitting out over night and your annoying little sister came by and smashed it all, King of Tokyo-style. With the pieces separated, building your spaceships is much faster.

It's really the same thing, except instead of LEGOs, you've got proteins and flour. Instead of an annoying sister, you've got enzymes. And instead of awesome spaceships, you get awesome cookies. How awesome? We're talking, oh, a million puppies on the moon wearing superhero underpants under their little doggie spacesuits levels of awesome.

An array of chocolate chip cookies on a grey background.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

And while it's tough to be patient, awesomeness is something worth waiting for in my book.

When all is said and done, my final recipe has ended up combining some unique techniques from a couple of my favorite recipes—the browned butter from Charles Kelsey's Cook's Illustrated recipe and the resting from Jacques Torres' New York Times recipe—along with a couple of my own novel twists—dissolving half the sugar in the eggs and chilling the browned butter with ice before incorporating—to produce a cookie that hits all the right notes. A deep, rich, butterscotch-and-toffee flavor; crisp edges; a soft, chewy center; an irregular crumb structure with a craggy top; and a mix of chocolate dispersed through the cookie in fine threads and big gooey pockets, all with a nice sweet-and-salty balance.

Are they the simplest cookies in the world? No way. Are they worth the extra time and effort? I certainly think so.

A pile of salted chocolate chip cookies on a white plate, sitting on a lace background.

Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

"This is the last batch, I promise," is what I told my wife about a week ago. Since then I've gone through another 10 pounds of flour. Heck, if you want to know the truth, I've baked four batches of cookies while I was writing this article, which means that even as I hit that "publish" button, this recipe is already obsolete, a work in progress. My wife went to bed over five hours ago and left by giving me a gentle hug from behind and a soft whisper in my ear: "Please stop making cookies."

"if you've come along this far, then you know what you need to do to adjust my recipe to suit your own tastes."

The beauty of understanding how ingredients interact with each other is that even if my definition of the "best" chocolate cookie isn't in line with yours, if you've come along this far, then you know what you need to do to adjust my recipe to suit your own tastes. Like your cookies chewier? Substitute some of that all-purpose flour for bread flour. Want your cookies to rise up a little taller? Add a touch of baking powder or replace the yolk of one of those eggs with an extra white. You like your chocolate in distinct pockets? Use chocolate chips instead of hand-chopped. Want your cookies more flexible and chewy? Just replace some sugar with a touch of corn syrup.

You get the idea. Doesn't that make you feel all empowered and stuff?

"STOP MAKING COOKIES!"

I promise I will, dear ... after this batch.

December 2013

Recipe Details

The Food Lab's Chocolate Chip Cookies Recipe

Prep 45 mins
Cook 35 mins
Active 30 mins
Resting Time 12 hrs
Total 13 hrs 20 mins
Serves 28 cookies

Ingredients

  • 8 ounces unsalted butter (2 sticks; 225g)

  • 1 standard ice cube (about 2 tablespoons; 30mL frozen water)

  • 10 ounces all-purpose flour (about 2 cups; 280g)

  • 3/4 teaspoon (3g) baking soda

  • 2 teaspoons Diamond Crystal kosher salt or 1 teaspoon table salt (4g)

  • 5 ounces granulated sugar (about 3/4 cup; 140g)

  • 2 large eggs (100g)

  • 2 teaspoons (10ml) vanilla extract

  • 5 ounces dark brown sugar (about 1/2 tightly packed cup plus 2 tablespoons; 140g)

  • 8 ounces (225g) semisweet chocolate, roughly chopped with a knife into 1/2- to 1/4-inch chunks

  • Coarse sea salt, for garnish

Directions

  1. Melt butter in a medium saucepan over medium-high heat. Cook, gently swirling pan constantly, until particles begin to turn golden brown and butter smells nutty, about 5 minutes. Remove from heat and continue swirling the pan until the butter is a rich brown, about 15 seconds longer. Transfer to a medium bowl, whisk in ice cube, transfer to refrigerator, and allow to cool completely, about 20 minutes, whisking occasionally. (Alternatively, whisk over an ice bath to hasten the process.)

    Whisking an ice cube into melted browned butter in order to cool it before adding to chocolate chip cookie dough.

    Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

  2. Meanwhile, whisk together flour, baking soda, and salt in a large bowl. Place granulated sugar, eggs, and vanilla extract in the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with the whisk attachment. Whisk on medium-high speed until mixture is pale brownish-yellow and falls off the whisk in thick ribbons when lifted, about 5 minutes.

    Close-up photograph showing ribbon stage of egg, and sugar mixture beaten in a stand mixer with the whisk attachment.

    Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

  3. Fit paddle attachment onto mixer. When brown butter mixture has cooled (it should be just starting to turn opaque again and firm around the edges), add brown sugar and cooled brown butter to egg mixture in stand mixer. Mix on medium speed to combine, about 15 seconds. Add flour mixture and mix on low speed until just barely combined, with some dry flour still remaining, about 15 seconds. Add chocolate and mix on low speed until dough comes together, about 15 seconds longer. Transfer to an airtight container and refrigerate dough at least overnight and up to 3 days.

    Chocolate chip cookie dough in a metal bowl going into the fridge to rest overnight before baking.

    Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

  4. When ready to bake, adjust oven racks to upper- and lower-middle positions and preheat oven to 325°F (160°C). Using a 1-ounce portion scoop or a spoon, place scoops of cookie dough onto a nonstick or parchment-lined baking sheet. Each ball should measure approximately 3 tablespoons in volume, and you should be able to fit 6 to 8 balls on each sheet. Tear each ball in half to reveal a rougher surface, then stick them back together with the rough sides facing outward. Transfer to oven and bake until golden brown around edges but still soft, 13 to 16 minutes, rotating pans back to front and top to bottom halfway through baking.

    Splitting a ball of chocolate chip cookie dough in half before baking to create a craggy top.

    Serious Eats / J. Kenji López-Alt

  5. Remove baking sheets from oven. While cookies are still hot, sprinkle very lightly with coarse salt and gently press salt down to embed. Let cool for 2 minutes, then transfer cookies to a wire rack to cool completely.

  6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for remaining cookie dough. Allow cookies to cool completely before storing in an airtight container, plastic bag, or cookie jar at room temperature for up to 5 days.

Special Equipment

Stand mixer, whisk, rubber spatula, 1-ounce ice cream scoop, baking sheets and wire racks,

Notes

For best results, ingredients should be measured by weight, not volume.

Nutrition Facts (per serving)
179 Calories
9g Fat
23g Carbs
2g Protein
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Nutrition Facts
Servings: 28
Amount per serving
Calories 179
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 9g 12%
Saturated Fat 6g 28%
Cholesterol 31mg 10%
Sodium 118mg 5%
Total Carbohydrate 23g 8%
Dietary Fiber 1g 3%
Total Sugars 14g
Protein 2g
Vitamin C 0mg 0%
Calcium 12mg 1%
Iron 1mg 5%
Potassium 55mg 1%
*The % Daily Value (DV) tells you how much a nutrient in a food serving contributes to a daily diet. 2,000 calories a day is used for general nutrition advice.
(Nutrition information is calculated using an ingredient database and should be considered an estimate.)